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Cervical Cancer Survival Worse With Minimally Invasive Surgery Compared With Open Hysterectomy

Cervical Cancer Survival Worse With Minimally Invasive Surgery Compared With Open Hysterectomy

When comparing standard-of-care surgical options for women with early-stage cervical cancer, two studies led by researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston discovered that minimally invasive radical hysterectomy is associated with higher recurrence rates and worse overall survival (OS), compared with abdominal radical hysterectomy. The results of both studies were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

The first, a randomized-controlled Phase 3 trial, was led by Pedro Ramirez, MD, a professor of gynecologic oncology and reproductive medicine. The second, an epidemiologic study, was led by J. Alejandro Rauh-Hain, MD, an assistant professor of gynecologic oncology and reproductive medicine and health services research. According to the authors, the findings already have changed care at MD Anderson and could impact the surgical management of all women with early-stage disease, which accounts for nearly one-half of the 13,240 cervical cancers expected to be diagnosed this year.

"Minimally invasive surgery was adopted as an alternative to open radical hysterectomy before high-quality evidence regarding its impact on survival was available," Rauh-Hain says. "Both Dr. Ramirez and I were surprised to find that in our respective studies, surgical approach negatively affected oncologic outcomes for women with early-stage cervical cancer."

In the gynecologic oncology community, minimally invasive surgery for cervical cancer gained acceptance more than a decade ago as an alternative to abdominal radical hysterectomy when laparoscopy and then robotic technology were introduced. However, impact on survival and other cancer-related outcomes had not been studied in randomized trials or large, well-designed observational studies.

"Until now, data focused primarily on surgical outcomes and the immediate period after, such as the recovery of the patient, length of stay, transfusion needs, and overall return to functional daily activities," says Ramirez. "Our research is the first to prospectively compare the two surgical approaches and evaluate oncologic outcomes, including disease-free and overall survival and recurrence rates."

The findings are critical, the researchers say, because cervical cancer is curable with surgery in its earliest stage, but treatments are much less effective after disease recurrence.

Phase 3 Clinical Trial
In their study, Ramirez and colleagues hypothesized that minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was equivalent to the open approach in terms of disease-free survival. The international study was a multi-institutional collaboration with 33 centers worldwide. It opened in 2008 and was designed to randomize 740 women with early-stage (1A or 1B) cervical cancer to undergo either minimally invasive or open radical hysterectomy (1:1 ratio). Patients were equally stratified for risk factors, such as histologic subtypes, tumor size, stage, lymph node involvement, and adjuvant treatment.  

In 2017, with 631 patients enrolled, the study was stopped because of a noted safety signal. Women receiving minimally invasive radical hysterectomy were found to have higher rates of recurrences, worse progression-free survival, and worse OS.

The researchers found the following:

• Minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was associated with a three-fold increase in disease progression, compared with open radical hysterectomy.
• The rate of disease-free survival at 4.5 years was 86% with a minimally invasive surgery and 96.5% with open surgery.
• The three-year OS overall survival was 91.2% in the minimally invasive group compared with 97.1% in the open surgery arm.

"Our study reinforces the need for more randomized clinical trials in the field of surgery," Ramirez says. "Too often, success of a new intervention in surgery is measured by retrospective data. We always need to test and measure our procedures to determine what is best for our patients."

The study also highlights the need for further research, Ramirez says. We should consider evaluation of the impact of minimally invasive surgery in other scenarios, like fertility-preserving surgery in early cervical cancer, where such an approach is still commonly used.

Retrospective Study
Rauh-Hain's retrospective, epidemiologic study also confirmed that minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was associated with worse OS than abdominal radical hysterectomy among patients with early-stage cervical cancer. The study, performed in collaboration with Harvard, Columbia University, and Northwestern University, includes analysis of data from two large cancer databases to compare survival rates between patients who underwent either of the two surgery types. 

The team first analyzed the National Cancer Database; this nationwide outcomes registry covers approximately 70% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in over 1,500 US hospitals. The secondary analysis reviewed data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database.

Analysis of the data revealed the following:

• Over a 45-month median follow-up, the four-year mortality risks were 9.1% among women receiving minimally invasive radical hysterectomy compared with 5.3% for abdominal radical hysterectomy.
• Adoption of minimally invasive radical hysterectomy coincided with the beginning of a decline in four-year relative survival rates of 0.8% per year between 2006 and 2010 in this population.

"Our research also found that, compared with open surgery, minimally invasive surgery increased the risk of death among women who underwent radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer," Rauh-Hain says. "Given these two studies, we believe that we can no longer recommend minimally invasive radical hysterectomies for our patients with early-stage cervical cancer."

An important limitation of the retrospective study is the inability to explain why minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was associated with inferior survival. Additional studies are needed to understand the cause of the survival differences, Rauh-Hain says.

Overall Impact
The findings have impacted care and management of women with early-stage cervical cancer at MD Anderson. These patients are no longer offered minimally invasive radical hysterectomy; only open radical hysterectomy is performed. Trial participants enrolled at MD Anderson and randomized to minimally invasive radical hysterectomy will be considered for closer surveillance at the time of follow-up.

The research could impact national treatment guidelines for the management of the disease, Ramirez and Rauh-Hain say. Both strongly encourage women who have undergone laparoscopic or robotic radical hysterectomy, either on the trial or as part of standard care, to have an informed conversation with their physician regarding the findings of this study, which should include their personal need for monitoring surveillance.

Ramirez and Rauh-Hain both note that their respective findings solely affect the care and management of patients with early-stage cervical cancer. However, the findings could impact fertility-sparing surgeries, such as radical trachelectomy, for women with early-stage cervical cancer, Ramirez says. As follow up, an international multi-institutional registry comparing minimally invasive with open radical trachelectomy is being led by MD Anderson.