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IR Technique to Treat Endometrial Cysts Is Safe and Effective

A technique called catheter-based sclerotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for endometrial cysts and could help preserve fertility in patients, according to a study appearing in the journal Radiology. Endometriosis occurs when the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, grows outside of the uterus and into surrounding tissues and organs. It is a common condition that affects about 10% of women of reproductive age. When endometriosis involves the ovaries, fluid-filled cysts called endometriomas may form, causing pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding. 

Surgery is a common treatment for endometriomas, but it carries risks, including the removal of healthy ovarian tissue, which can affect fertility. Needle-based sclerotherapy is a less invasive option that involves inserting a needle into the cyst under ultrasound guidance and then withdrawing the cystic fluid through a needle. The cyst is then washed with a solution of ethanol. However, the needle-directed approach has limitations, says study coauthor Man-Deuk Kim, MD, PhD, a professor at Severance Hospital at the Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, South Korea.

"Endometrial cyst content can be incredibly thick and sticky. A 16- or 18-gauge needle, which is commonly used for needle-directed sclerotherapy, is sometimes not large enough to completely evacuate the cyst," he says. "This may reduce the efficacy of sclerotherapy and increase the possibility of needle displacement during aspiration."  

Kim and colleagues studied a sclerotherapy technique that replaces the needle with a catheter. Along with draining cystic fluid more easily, a catheter allows for positional changes during the procedure, which helps maximize the ethanol's effectiveness by enabling it to contact the cyst wall evenly. The catheter also reduces the risk of spillage into the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen.

The researchers evaluated catheter-directed sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol in 14 women between the ages of 20 and 44 with ovarian endometriomas. After approximately one year, the cysts had decreased on average from 5.8 cm in diameter to 1.1 cm. Pain was relieved in all patients, and blood tests indicated well-preserved ovarian function. There were no procedure-related complications.

There were no endometrioma recurrences, even in patients with internal septation—division—within their cysts. The multiple compartments of septated cysts can be difficult to puncture with a needle, which may lead to incomplete sclerotherapy. In catheter-directed sclerotherapy, once the endometrioma is punctured, clinicians can manipulate the guidewire and catheter to break down internal septations, allowing for more effective treatment.

"In our study, the recurrence rate of catheter-directed sclerotherapy was 0%, which is very encouraging given that endometriomas measuring up to 13.5 cm in diameter or those that had internal septation were included in the study," Kim says.

The results suggest that catheter-based sclerotherapy could lead to better short-term clinical outcomes in women with endometrial cysts while preserving ovarian function and improving future fertility, Kim notes. The researchers plan to conduct a study to see how catheter-directed sclerotherapy compares with surgery in terms of fertility, cyst recurrence, and improvements in clinical symptoms.

"I hope our catheter-directed sclerotherapy will help women avoid surgery while maintaining ovarian reserve and fertility," Kim says.