Heart CT Shows Slight Benefit Over Stress Tests
Patients with symptoms of heart disease have similar outcomes in terms of death and major cardiac conditions regardless of whether they undergo a functional stress test or a CT scan, but the scan may be better at ruling out the need for subsequent tests and procedures in patients who are free of heart disease, according to research presented at the American College of Cardiology's 64th annual Scientific Session in San Diego.

The PROMISE trial is the first-ever randomized controlled trial to compare clinical outcomes in patients receiving functional stress testing or CT angiography to check for signs of cardiovascular disease. It also provides the first data to inform clinical guidelines on the use of these tests, according to the authors.

The study included a total of 10,003 patients who visited 193 health centers in the United States and Canada. Participants had no prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease but had new symptoms that made physicians suspect they might have heart disease. Nearly all had at least one cardiovascular risk factor such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or a history of smoking.

One-half were randomly selected to receive a heart CT scan, which generates 3D images of the heart's arteries that doctors can use to assess the degree of narrowing. The rest received a functional test—either an exercise electrocardiogram, stress echocardiography, or nuclear stress test—which are used to track the heart's response to stress using electrical signals, sound waves, or imaging. All of these tests have been in common use for at least a decade, but functional tests and CT scans have never before been compared head-to-head in terms of clinical outcomes.

The study showed no differences between patients receiving a heart CT scan and those receiving functional heart tests in terms of the study's primary endpoint, a composite rate of death, heart attack, major procedural complications, or hospitalization for chest pain. At least one of these outcomes occurred in roughly 3% of patients in both groups during more than two years of follow-up.

However, some secondary endpoints, including the level of radiation exposure and the rate of subsequent procedures that did not reveal significant heart disease, favored CT angiography.

The authors said these results are important because current clinical guidelines leave the selection of tests for patients reporting symptoms such as chest pain or shortness of breath—which constitutes at least 4 million patients in the United States each year—largely up to physician and patient preference.

 "Until this study, we have essentially been guessing on decisions about which initial test to use for this huge population of patients who need evaluation for cardiovascular symptoms," says Pamela Douglas, MD, the Ursula Geller Professorship for Research in Cardiovascular Diseases at Duke University and the study's lead author. "Our study shows that the prognostic outcomes are excellent and are similar regardless of what type of test you use, but there are some indications that computed tomographic angiography might be the safer test with fewer catheterizations without obstructive disease and lower radiation exposure when compared to nuclear testing."

A key strength of the study is that it offers a reflection of current medical practice, rather than an idealized view.

"Unlike most trials where medical care is very tightly controlled, this study was designed to represent real-world care," Douglas says. "The health centers that collected the data were responsible for interpreting the tests and doing appropriate patient follow-up. Because this was such a community-based, real-world setting, the study really tells us a lot about clinical practice and how patients are being cared for in the US now."

The 3% rate of death, heart attack, major procedural complications, or hospitalization for chest pain seen in both groups was lower than expected, especially considering the fact that most study participants had two or more significant heart disease risk factors, were middle aged or older, and were symptomatic. The relative benefit of CT angiography compared with functional testing held steady across different patient subgroups as defined by age, gender, race, and cardiovascular risk factors. Although there was a significantly lower rate of death and nonfatal heart attacks after one year of follow-up in patients receiving a heart CT scan, for reasons that are unclear, this difference was not sustained in the second year, study authors say.

"The event rate in itself is intriguing, because no previous studies have closely tracked and adjudicated the rate of adverse events in this patient population," Douglas says. "These outcomes are so good given widespread use of medications like statins and aspirin. It does raise the question of whether we can identify a group of people who actually do not need to be tested."

After their initial noninvasive test, about 10% of study participants underwent at least one cardiac catheterization procedure, a more invasive procedure in which an interventional cardiologist threads a catheter into the heart through an artery to assess narrowing in the arteries and, if needed, open the arteries with a balloon or stent. The rates of patients undergoing catheterization that failed to identify substantial narrowing were significantly higher in the patients receiving functional testing, at 4.3%, compared with 3.4% in the patients who had received a CT scan.

In addition, at three months patients receiving heart scans received significantly lower radiation exposure than patients who were given a nuclear stress test as their first diagnostic test.

Douglas says the bottom line for patients is that if the primary concern is avoiding serious adverse heart problems such as death, heart attack, or hospitalization, heart CT scans and functional tests are both excellent options. For lower-priority concerns such as avoiding subsequent tests and procedures or avoiding radiation exposure, heart CT scans appear to be a slightly better option.

Douglas adds that the team plans to further investigate outcomes for different subgroups of patients to determine whether different groups might benefit from different testing approaches.

The research team also analyzed the financial implications of the data in terms of medical costs and reimbursements, which will be presented separately.

The study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.

The study was simultaneously published online in the New England Journal of Medicine at the time of presentation.
— SOURCE: American College of Cardiology